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Bitumen :- A material of either natural or pyrogeneous origin.  It is a soluble in carbon disulphide .It may be in solid , semi -solid ,liquid , or gaseous . It consist of 85 part of carbon , 12 part of hydrogen ,and three parts of oxygen . Properties of bitumen : It is mostly available in solid or semi solid state. It is black or brownish black in color. It posses adhesive properties when soften by heat . When heated it melts and give distinctive odour when heated. It is completely soluble in carbon disulphide (CS2) Forms of bitumen and its uses :- Following are the usual forms of bitumen 1 )Bitumen emulsions : It can be used as stabilizing agents  2) Blow bitumens : It can be used as roofing or damp proofing felts , in the manufactur of pipe asphalts and joints filler. 3) straight run bitumen : In the manufacture of pipe asphalts and joint filler. 4) plastic bitumen :-   It is used for the cracks in the masonary structure fo

Shear force:- Shear force is the force applied along or parallel to a surface or cross section , instead of being applied perpendicular to the cross section . Due to compression , the particle's become more and more closely packed , densification increases strength increase and thus , compression failure of soil is also rare. Field situation of shear failure:-   The field situation where shear failure can occurs are given below  Upstremt slope of earthern dam , specially during sudden draw down. Earth behind retaining wall , especially surcharge. Under foundation along planes of maximum shear . 4 .Subgrade of road. Concept of shear strength of soil:-   It can be defined as the maximum value of shear stress that can be mobilized within a soil mass .   If this value is equalized by the shear stress on any plane or surface at a point ,failure will occure in the soil because of movement of portion of the soil mass along that plane or surface.   The soil is

Column :-     A column is a vertical structural member intended to transfer a compressive load. For example , a column might transfer load from ceiling , floor or roof slab , or from a beam ,to a floor or foundation.   Column are typically constructed from material such as stone, brick, block, concrete ,timber ,steel, and so on , which have good compressive strength.   Commonly column also carrying bending moment about one or both of the cross sectional axes . in this article different types of column used in building construction will be discuss.  Types of column in building construction        Column are based on several condition:- Based on type of reinforcement Based on type of loading Based on slenderness ratio Based on shape Based on construction material Based on type of reinforcement   Tied column Spiral column Composit column 1) Tied column :-    This type of column is  commonly construction from reinforcement concrete longitudinal reinforcement

Foam concrete(LCC):-   Foam concrete is also known as light weight cellular concrete (LCC), low density cellular concrete(LDCC). Foam concrete Define:-  a cement based slurry with minimum of 20%(per volume) Foam entrained into plastic mortor.     As mostly no coarse agreegate is used to production of foam concrete the correct term would be called mortor instead of concrete it may be called foamed cement.   HISTORY OF FOAMED CONCRETE:- The foamed concrete has a long history and it was first made into use in the year 1923. It was initially used as an insulating material. Improvements throughout the past 20 years in the areas of production equipment and better quality foam making agents make the use of foam concrete in large scale.   A detailed study concerning the composition , physical properties and production of foamed concrete was first carried out in the 1950s and 60s    Following the reasearch new admixtures were devloped in the late 1970s and rearly 80s which led