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Introduction :  1) An approximate estimate an approximate or rough estimate prepared to obtain the cost of a project in short time.  2) Approximate estimate is required for administrative approval And to study the feasibility of a project.        Whether the new project is beneficial and to study cost - benefit ratio, approximate estimate is necessary.  3) Approximate estimate of any work is prepared for the purpose of information only.  4) It is also called planning estimate and is prepared for the purpose of information only.  Definition - Approximate estimate  Approximate estimate is made to find out an approximate cost in a short time, without taking out actual quantities. This enable the responsible authority to consider the financial aspects of the scheme.  In case commercial projects as irrigation, residential building  , and other similar project which earn revenue income, the probable income may be worked out.  P...

Crude petroleum obtained from different source contains different portion of different constituents.  Hence, it's properties may differ.  Therefore, to judge their suitability as binders following tests are required. :-  1) Penetration test . * 2) Ductility test.*  3) Softening test.*  4) Viscosity test.*  5) Float test.  6) Specifically gravity test.  7) Flash and fire point test.  8) Spot test.  9) Loss on heating test.  10) Water content test.  1) penetration test ( viscosity test on bitumen)  An indirect measure of viscosity is tie the amount of penetration of a standard needle under standard  conditions, of load time and temperature.  The test measure the hardness or softness of bitumen   in terms of 10mm of the standard needle.                  Fig. Penetrometer apparatus Standard conditions for penetration test:- a) Temperature :- 25° ( t...

🔴भारत की जनगणना पर आधारित वन लाइनर🔴 ➽विश्व जनसँख्या दिवस 11 जुलाई को मनाया जाता है। ➽भारत की जनगणना का विषय संघ सूची में सम्मलित किया गया है। ➽जनसँख्या का अध्ययन डेमोग्राफी कहलाती है। ➽भारतीय संविधान की धारा 246 के अंतर्गत जनगणना का कार्य संघ सरकार को सौंपा गया है। ➽भारत में पहली बार आंशिक जनगणना तात्कालीन गवर्नर लार्ड मेयो के काल में1972 में हुई थी। पोस्ट को सभी ग्रुप में शेयर करें  ➽लार्ड रिपिन दॄारा नियमित प्राधिकृत रूप से 1881 में पहली बार जनगणना करवाई गई। ➽भारत के प्रथम जनगणना आयुक्त हेनरी प्लाउडेन थे। ➽पहली बार जाति आधारित जनगणना1931 में हुई थी। ➽भारत में जनगणना का कार्य गृह मंत्रालय के आधीन महापंजीयक या जनगणना आयुक्त के निर्देश अनुसार होता है। ➽भारत में 1911 - 1921 के दशक में जन्म वृद्धि दर न्यूनतम रही थी, इसीलिये इसे'महविभाजक वर्ष ' कहा जाता है। ➽वर्ष 1951 में जन्म वृद्धि दर अधिकतम रही थी इसीलिये इसे 'लघु विभाजक वर्ष'कहा जाता है ➽स्वतंत्र भारत की पहली जनगणना 1951में हुई थी, इसमें 14 सवाल सम्मलित किये गये थे। ➽भारत की प्रथम पूर्ण कम्प्यूटरीकृत जनगणना वर्ष 2001 ...

राष्ट्रीय आंदोलन की महत्वपूर्ण घटनाएं 👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇💁🏻‍♀ ►1904 ➖ भारतीय विश्वविद्यालय अधिनियम पारित ►1905 ➖ बंगाल का विभाजन ►1906 ➖ मुस्लिम लीग की स्थापना ►1907 ➖ सूरत अधिवेशन, कांग्रेस में फूट ►1909 ➖ मार्ले-मिंटो सुधार ►1911 ➖ ब्रिटिश सम्राट का दिल्ली दरबार ►1916 ➖ होमरूल लीग का निर्माण ►1916 ➖ मुस्लिम लीग-कांग्रेस समझौता (लखनऊ पैक्ट) ►1917 ➖ महात्मा गाँधी द्वारा चंपारण में आंदोलन ►1919 ➖ रौलेट अधिनियम ►1919 ➖ जलियाँवाला बाग हत्याकांड ►1919 ➖ मांटेग्यू-चेम्सफोर्ड सुधार ►1920 ➖ खिलाफत आंदोलन ►1920 ➖ असहयोग आंदोलन ►1922 ➖ चौरी-चौरा कांड ►1927 ➖ साइमन कमीशन की नियुक्ति ►1928 ➖ साइमन कमीशन का भारत आगमन ►1929 ➖ भगतसिंह द्वारा केन्द्रीय असेंबली में बम विस्फोट ►1929 ➖ कांग्रेस द्वारा पूर्ण स्वतंत्रता की माँग ►1930 ➖ सविनय अवज्ञा आंदोलन ►1930 ➖ प्रथम गोलमेज सम्मेलन ►1931 ➖ द्वितीय गोलमेज सम्मेलन ►1932 ➖ तृतीय गोलमेज सम्मेलन ►1932 ➖ सांप्रदायिक निर्वाचक प्रणाली की घोषणा ►1932 ➖ पूना पैक्ट ►1942 ➖ भारत छोड़ो आंदोलन ►1942 ➖ क्रिप्स मिशन का आगमन ►1943 ➖ आजाद हिन्द फौज की स्थापना ►1946 ➖ कैबि...

🎯 List of Important Days and Dates         2020 👇👇👇👇 ✅ January 1: Global Family Day ✅ January 4: World Braille Day ✅ January 9: NRI Day (Pravasi Bhartiya Diwas) ✅ January 10: World Hindi Day ✅ January 12: National Youth Day,  ✅ January 13: Lohri Day ✅ January 14-15: Makar Sankranti ✅ January 15: Army day ✅ January 23: Netaji Subash Chandra Bose Jayanti ✅ January 25: National Voters day, National Tourism Day ✅ January 26: India’s Republic Day, International Customs Day ✅ January 27: International Day of Commemoration ✅ January 30: Martyrs’ Day ✅ February 2: World Wetlands Day ✅ February 4: World Cancer Day ✅ February 10: National De-worming Day ✅ February 11: International Day of Women and Girls in Science ✅ February 12: National Productivity Day ✅ February 13: World Radio Day, National Women's Day (Birth Date of Sarojini Naidu) ✅ February 14: Valentine Day ✅ February 21: International Mother Language Day ✅ February 28: National Science Day ✅ March 8: I...

Timbering and strutting : - Timbering and strutting is a method of giving the temporary support to the side of trench, when the depth of trench is large or when the sub soil is loose.  - Timbering is also called shoring.  - It consist of timber board and strut to give temporary support to the side of the trench. - A method of giving the temporary support to the side of deep trench or when sub soil is loose or very soft is known as timbering.  - It consist of timber planks and strut to give temporary support to the side of trench. It helps to reduce width of foundation.  Following are the methods of timbering and strutting :- Box sheeting  Stay bracing  Runner system  Vertical sheeting  Sheet piling 1) Box sheeting :- If depth of the excavation is up to 4.0 M and if soil is loose, the box sheeting method is commonly employed into the the practice.  Fig. 1 Box sheeting It is just like box, ...

Admixture :- Sometime some material are added in concrete to improve few properties and to get required result these material added are known as admixture . These are either added at the time of grinding of cement or added during mixing of concrete or different substances used to alter the properties are known as admixtures . Admixture are material other than the basics ingredients of concrete -cement , water and aggregates added to the concrete mix immedietly before or during mixing to modify one or more of the specific properties of concrete in the fresh or hardened concrete . Trades name of admixture :- 1) Muraplast -Fk-61 2) Vinsol resin darox 3) Conplast 4) Dr. Fixit Function of admixture or purpose of Admixture :- 1) It helps to reduce required quality of concrete . 2) It also helps to resist chemical action like corrosion of steel etc . 3) It helps in improving durability . 4) It helps in improving various strength such as compressive ,flexural etc. 5...

Non - destructive testing of concrete :       The test which are carried out for existing completed structure without destructing the member to investigate , crack ,depth , durability , strength etc. are called as non -destructive testing . Advantages of non destructive testing :- Strength of existing structure can be found out . No wastage of concrete . NDT is quicker method of inspection of fault . The test component is not destructed , hence the same is used for several tests. Limitations :- Result depend on moisture condition. Skilled expertise are required . Process should be strandised . In some cases , instrument are too costly. Importance of testing :- Non - destructive test helps in testing of quality of concrete of completed structure I.e finished work . With this type of testing it is possible to investigate the crack depth , durability , strength without destructing existing structure . Since this test are non destru...

Foundation:-  It is the lowermost part of structure which provide the base for the superstructure and transmit the load of superstructure to the subsoil without any failure. Purpose of foundation :- To distribute the load of the superstructure over wide area. To provide level surface for building operation . To take the structures deep into the ground to provide stability and to prevent overturning. To minimize the chance of unequal settlement by distributing the load over wide area. Requirements of good foundation:- To distribute the weight of structure over large area ,so as to avoid overloading of the soil beneath. To avoid unequal settlement of the structures To provide a levelled surface for building operation. The foundation take the structure deep into the ground ,thus increase the stability of building and prevents overturning. Types of foundation:-    A) shallow foundation. B) Deep foundation. A) Shallow foundation :- Wa...

Bitumen :- A material of either natural or pyrogeneous origin.  It is a soluble in carbon disulphide .It may be in solid , semi -solid ,liquid , or gaseous . It consist of 85 part of carbon , 12 part of hydrogen ,and three parts of oxygen . Properties of bitumen : It is mostly available in solid or semi solid state. It is black or brownish black in color. It posses adhesive properties when soften by heat . When heated it melts and give distinctive odour when heated. It is completely soluble in carbon disulphide (CS2) Forms of bitumen and its uses :- Following are the usual forms of bitumen 1 )Bitumen emulsions : It can be used as stabilizing agents  2) Blow bitumens : It can be used as roofing or damp proofing felts , in the manufactur of pipe asphalts and joints filler. 3) straight run bitumen : In the manufacture of pipe asphalts and joint filler. 4) plastic bitumen :-   It is used for the cracks in the ma...

Shear force:- Shear force is the force applied along or parallel to a surface or cross section , instead of being applied perpendicular to the cross section . Due to compression , the particle's become more and more closely packed , densification increases strength increase and thus , compression failure of soil is also rare. Field situation of shear failure:-   The field situation where shear failure can occurs are given below  Upstremt slope of earthern dam , specially during sudden draw down. Earth behind retaining wall , especially surcharge. Under foundation along planes of maximum shear . 4 .Subgrade of road. Concept of shear strength of soil:-   It can be defined as the maximum value of shear stress that can be mobilized within a soil mass .   If this value is equalized by the shear stress on any plane or surface at a point ,failure will occure in the soil because of movement of portion of the soil mass along that plane or surface. ...

Column :-     A column is a vertical structural member intended to transfer a compressive load. For example , a column might transfer load from ceiling , floor or roof slab , or from a beam ,to a floor or foundation.   Column are typically constructed from material such as stone, brick, block, concrete ,timber ,steel, and so on , which have good compressive strength.   Commonly column also carrying bending moment about one or both of the cross sectional axes . in this article different types of column used in building construction will be discuss.  Types of column in building construction        Column are based on several condition:- Based on type of reinforcement Based on type of loading Based on slenderness ratio Based on shape Based on construction material Based on type of reinforcement   Tied column Spiral column Composit column 1) Tied column :-    This type of column is  commonly cons...