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Arrival Of The Europeans In India Arrival of Portuguese In India ( First to come and last to leave ) Why a sea route to India? ● Roman Empire declined in the seventh century ● Arabs rose to power in Egypt and Persia ● This led to the declination of the direct contact between Europe and India (Arabs had become middlemen) ● In 1453, Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks, who were on the ascendant ● Therefore, land and sea routes were under the control of the Arabs Renaissance gripped Europe in the fifteenth century, leading its call for exploration. Simultaneously, they were advancements in the field of ship building, crop rotation, plowing and meat industry. This led to the need for voyages and the requirements of spices respectively. Prince Henry of Portugal (nicknamed, Navigator), Portuguese Royal who supported sea route exploration.   Arrival in India [Note: In 1487, Bartholomew Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope in Africa and sailed up the eastern coast. He was we...

Resistance against the British before 1857 Causative factors of People’s uprisings : ● Colonial land revenue settlements, heavy burden of new taxes, eviction of peasants from their lands, and encroachments on tribal lands ● Exploitation in rural society coupled with the growth of intermediary revenue collectors,tenants and moneylenders ● Expansion of revenue administration over tribal lands leading to the loss of tribal people’s hold over agricultural and forest land ● Promotion of British manufactured goods, heavy duties on Indian industries, especially export duties, leading to devastation of Indian handloom and handicraft industries  ● Destruction of indegenous industries leading to migration of workers from industry to agriculture, increasing the pressure on land and agriculture ● Rapid changes under the Company rule, which went against the people ● Several zamindars and poligars had lost control over their land due to colonial rule ● Ruin of Indian handicraft industry due to c...

Modern methods of construction:- A wide variety of modern methods of construction (MMC) techniques and products have been developed that have completely changed the behavior of construction industry from what it was before. This change is amazing and is in the way to bring more and more developments in this sector. What are Modern Methods of Construction? Modern construction methods (MMC) are methods that are developed in construction industry with proper planning and design so that each project reduces the construction time, cost and maintain overall sustainability. The different MMC used in construction field includes: 1) Precast Flat Panel System 2) 3D Volumetric Modules 3) Flat Slab Construction 4) Precast Cladding Panels 5) Concrete Wall and Floors 6) Twin Wall Technology 7) Precast Concrete Foundation 8) Concrete Formwork Insulation  What is precast flat panel system? A precast flat panel (PFP) system is a construction technique that provides an alternative to traditional sit...

सारे अनुच्छेद एक साथ Indian Constitution Articles:- *********** *अनुच्छेद 1* :- संघ कानाम और राज्य क्षेत्र *अनुच्छेद 2* :- नए राज्यों का प्रवेश या स्थापना *अनुच्छेद 3* :- राज्य का निर्माण तथा सीमाओं या नामों मे परिवर्तन *अनुच्छेद 4* :- पहली अनुसूचित व चौथी अनुसूची के संशोधन तथा दो और तीन के अधीन बनाई गई विधियां *अच्नुछेद 5* :- संविधान के प्रारंभ पर नागरिकता *अनुच्छेद 6* :- भारत आने वाले व्यक्तियों को नागरिकता *अनुच्छेद 7* :-पाकिस्तान जाने वालों को नागरिकता *अनुच्छेद 8* :- भारत के बाहर रहने वाले व्यक्तियों का नागरिकता *अनुच्छेद 9* :- विदेशी राज्य की नागरिकता लेने पर नागरिकता का ना होना *अनुच्छेद 10* :- नागरिकता के अधिकारों का बना रहना *अनुच्छेद 11* :- संसद द्वारा नागरिकता के लिए कानून का विनियमन *अनुच्छेद 12* :- राज्य की परिभाषा *अनुच्छेद 13* :- मूल अधिकारों को असंगत या अल्पीकरण करने वाली विधियां *अनुच्छेद 14* :- विधि के समक्ष समानता *अनुच्छेद 15* :- धर्म जाति लिंग पर भेद का प्रतिशेध *अनुच्छेद 16* :- लोक नियोजन में अवसर की समानता *अनुच्छेद 17* :- अस्पृश्यता का अंत *अनुच्छेद 18* :- उपाधी...

Introduction :  1) An approximate estimate an approximate or rough estimate prepared to obtain the cost of a project in short time.  2) Approximate estimate is required for administrative approval And to study the feasibility of a project.        Whether the new project is beneficial and to study cost - benefit ratio, approximate estimate is necessary.  3) Approximate estimate of any work is prepared for the purpose of information only.  4) It is also called planning estimate and is prepared for the purpose of information only.  Definition - Approximate estimate  Approximate estimate is made to find out an approximate cost in a short time, without taking out actual quantities. This enable the responsible authority to consider the financial aspects of the scheme.  In case commercial projects as irrigation, residential building  , and other similar project which earn revenue income, the probable income may be worked out.  P...

Crude petroleum obtained from different source contains different portion of different constituents.  Hence, it's properties may differ.  Therefore, to judge their suitability as binders following tests are required. :-  1) Penetration test . * 2) Ductility test.*  3) Softening test.*  4) Viscosity test.*  5) Float test.  6) Specifically gravity test.  7) Flash and fire point test.  8) Spot test.  9) Loss on heating test.  10) Water content test.  1) penetration test ( viscosity test on bitumen)  An indirect measure of viscosity is tie the amount of penetration of a standard needle under standard  conditions, of load time and temperature.  The test measure the hardness or softness of bitumen   in terms of 10mm of the standard needle.                  Fig. Penetrometer apparatus Standard conditions for penetration test:- a) Temperature :- 25° ( t...

🔴भारत की जनगणना पर आधारित वन लाइनर🔴 ➽विश्व जनसँख्या दिवस 11 जुलाई को मनाया जाता है। ➽भारत की जनगणना का विषय संघ सूची में सम्मलित किया गया है। ➽जनसँख्या का अध्ययन डेमोग्राफी कहलाती है। ➽भारतीय संविधान की धारा 246 के अंतर्गत जनगणना का कार्य संघ सरकार को सौंपा गया है। ➽भारत में पहली बार आंशिक जनगणना तात्कालीन गवर्नर लार्ड मेयो के काल में1972 में हुई थी। पोस्ट को सभी ग्रुप में शेयर करें  ➽लार्ड रिपिन दॄारा नियमित प्राधिकृत रूप से 1881 में पहली बार जनगणना करवाई गई। ➽भारत के प्रथम जनगणना आयुक्त हेनरी प्लाउडेन थे। ➽पहली बार जाति आधारित जनगणना1931 में हुई थी। ➽भारत में जनगणना का कार्य गृह मंत्रालय के आधीन महापंजीयक या जनगणना आयुक्त के निर्देश अनुसार होता है। ➽भारत में 1911 - 1921 के दशक में जन्म वृद्धि दर न्यूनतम रही थी, इसीलिये इसे'महविभाजक वर्ष ' कहा जाता है। ➽वर्ष 1951 में जन्म वृद्धि दर अधिकतम रही थी इसीलिये इसे 'लघु विभाजक वर्ष'कहा जाता है ➽स्वतंत्र भारत की पहली जनगणना 1951में हुई थी, इसमें 14 सवाल सम्मलित किये गये थे। ➽भारत की प्रथम पूर्ण कम्प्यूटरीकृत जनगणना वर्ष 2001 ...

राष्ट्रीय आंदोलन की महत्वपूर्ण घटनाएं 👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇💁🏻‍♀ ►1904 ➖ भारतीय विश्वविद्यालय अधिनियम पारित ►1905 ➖ बंगाल का विभाजन ►1906 ➖ मुस्लिम लीग की स्थापना ►1907 ➖ सूरत अधिवेशन, कांग्रेस में फूट ►1909 ➖ मार्ले-मिंटो सुधार ►1911 ➖ ब्रिटिश सम्राट का दिल्ली दरबार ►1916 ➖ होमरूल लीग का निर्माण ►1916 ➖ मुस्लिम लीग-कांग्रेस समझौता (लखनऊ पैक्ट) ►1917 ➖ महात्मा गाँधी द्वारा चंपारण में आंदोलन ►1919 ➖ रौलेट अधिनियम ►1919 ➖ जलियाँवाला बाग हत्याकांड ►1919 ➖ मांटेग्यू-चेम्सफोर्ड सुधार ►1920 ➖ खिलाफत आंदोलन ►1920 ➖ असहयोग आंदोलन ►1922 ➖ चौरी-चौरा कांड ►1927 ➖ साइमन कमीशन की नियुक्ति ►1928 ➖ साइमन कमीशन का भारत आगमन ►1929 ➖ भगतसिंह द्वारा केन्द्रीय असेंबली में बम विस्फोट ►1929 ➖ कांग्रेस द्वारा पूर्ण स्वतंत्रता की माँग ►1930 ➖ सविनय अवज्ञा आंदोलन ►1930 ➖ प्रथम गोलमेज सम्मेलन ►1931 ➖ द्वितीय गोलमेज सम्मेलन ►1932 ➖ तृतीय गोलमेज सम्मेलन ►1932 ➖ सांप्रदायिक निर्वाचक प्रणाली की घोषणा ►1932 ➖ पूना पैक्ट ►1942 ➖ भारत छोड़ो आंदोलन ►1942 ➖ क्रिप्स मिशन का आगमन ►1943 ➖ आजाद हिन्द फौज की स्थापना ►1946 ➖ कैबि...

🎯 List of Important Days and Dates         2020 👇👇👇👇 ✅ January 1: Global Family Day ✅ January 4: World Braille Day ✅ January 9: NRI Day (Pravasi Bhartiya Diwas) ✅ January 10: World Hindi Day ✅ January 12: National Youth Day,  ✅ January 13: Lohri Day ✅ January 14-15: Makar Sankranti ✅ January 15: Army day ✅ January 23: Netaji Subash Chandra Bose Jayanti ✅ January 25: National Voters day, National Tourism Day ✅ January 26: India’s Republic Day, International Customs Day ✅ January 27: International Day of Commemoration ✅ January 30: Martyrs’ Day ✅ February 2: World Wetlands Day ✅ February 4: World Cancer Day ✅ February 10: National De-worming Day ✅ February 11: International Day of Women and Girls in Science ✅ February 12: National Productivity Day ✅ February 13: World Radio Day, National Women's Day (Birth Date of Sarojini Naidu) ✅ February 14: Valentine Day ✅ February 21: International Mother Language Day ✅ February 28: National Science Day ✅ March 8: I...

Timbering and strutting : - Timbering and strutting is a method of giving the temporary support to the side of trench, when the depth of trench is large or when the sub soil is loose.  - Timbering is also called shoring.  - It consist of timber board and strut to give temporary support to the side of the trench. - A method of giving the temporary support to the side of deep trench or when sub soil is loose or very soft is known as timbering.  - It consist of timber planks and strut to give temporary support to the side of trench. It helps to reduce width of foundation.  Following are the methods of timbering and strutting :- Box sheeting  Stay bracing  Runner system  Vertical sheeting  Sheet piling 1) Box sheeting :- If depth of the excavation is up to 4.0 M and if soil is loose, the box sheeting method is commonly employed into the the practice.  Fig. 1 Box sheeting It is just like box, ...

Admixture :- Sometime some material are added in concrete to improve few properties and to get required result these material added are known as admixture . These are either added at the time of grinding of cement or added during mixing of concrete or different substances used to alter the properties are known as admixtures . Admixture are material other than the basics ingredients of concrete -cement , water and aggregates added to the concrete mix immedietly before or during mixing to modify one or more of the specific properties of concrete in the fresh or hardened concrete . Trades name of admixture :- 1) Muraplast -Fk-61 2) Vinsol resin darox 3) Conplast 4) Dr. Fixit Function of admixture or purpose of Admixture :- 1) It helps to reduce required quality of concrete . 2) It also helps to resist chemical action like corrosion of steel etc . 3) It helps in improving durability . 4) It helps in improving various strength such as compressive ,flexural etc. 5...

Non - destructive testing of concrete :       The test which are carried out for existing completed structure without destructing the member to investigate , crack ,depth , durability , strength etc. are called as non -destructive testing . Advantages of non destructive testing :- Strength of existing structure can be found out . No wastage of concrete . NDT is quicker method of inspection of fault . The test component is not destructed , hence the same is used for several tests. Limitations :- Result depend on moisture condition. Skilled expertise are required . Process should be strandised . In some cases , instrument are too costly. Importance of testing :- Non - destructive test helps in testing of quality of concrete of completed structure I.e finished work . With this type of testing it is possible to investigate the crack depth , durability , strength without destructing existing structure . Since this test are non destru...